Choices II

 

Waist Deep in the Big Muddy 

Well, I'm not going to point any moral,
I'll leave that for yourself
Maybe you're still walking, you're still talking
You'd like to keep your health
But every time I read the papers
That old feeling comes on;
We're, waist deep in the Big Muddy
And the big fool says to push on. 

It sure is Muddy, but how Big  is the universe? 

Our universe allows choices. Thus it has to be big enough to accommodate all of those choices. Choices are inherently random. (Well, maybe her hairdresser knows! In a previous blog post I said that the absolute, God, was like Rick Blaine from Casablanca. I guess that I am now suggesting that God is like Clairol. Oh, well, I guess when it comes to blasphemy, "In for a penny, In for a pound".😉 )

An individual  may not like the choices made by others, but that is not the point. “Stuff happens!” A random normal (unbiased)  distribution is the logistics distribution, also known as the
sech-squared distribution. If the median choice is 50% then s, the range parameter of that distribution, must be 0.5.  The odds of a choice ( e.g. a coin flip of heads and tails) is 50%, regardless, if the result,  choice, can only be heads (e.g. 100%) or tails (e.g. 0%). If s is 0.5 then the variance, size, to accommodate all of the choices is  0.5²π²/3. 

The fact that it involves squares is important. While any number can be expressed as the sum of two numbers regardless of the surface, a square can also be expressed as the sum of two squares but with different results depending on the surface. (I.e., if the surface is flat, then the answer must satisfy Pythagoras’ theorem). If we are in a flat surface (universe) then also taking Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity into account, the choices should also satisfy E=mc².  Then a flat, Euclidean, relativistic mass equation, m, would be m₀/√(1-(v/c)²), where m₀ is the rest mass at a velocity, v, of zero compared to the speed of light, c. However if the universe is hyperbolic, then Pythagoras’ theorem does not apply, and the relativistic mass equation is instead m=ln(cosh(v/c)cosh(m₀)±sinh(v/c)sinh(m₀)). This does not have the problem of becoming imaginary when the velocity exceeds the speed of light. It becomes undefined, is an acknowledgement that the velocity can NOT exceed the speed of light. However this equation suggests that the mass becomes infinite, an absolute, when v=c. To prevent that, it is suggested that as velocity approaches the speed of light, its relativistic mass transitions from the existing chaotic portion of the universe and enters a non-chaotic, orderly, portion of the universe. ( The division between these two portions is what is called the Big Bang).  The variance, size, of the chaotic portion of universe is equal to the size of the orderly portion of the universe. At the transition,  the relativistic mass equation is rotated by 90 degrees counterclockwise, and becomes a maximum when the speed in the orderly portion decreases to zero. 

Thus the equation of relativistic mass, m, in the orderly universe must satisfy 
XXXX, where the transition occurs when the relativistic mass is m_t and the ratio of the velocity to the speed of light is 1. This is a rotation of the chaotic equation by 90° and a translation of the origin from a ratio of velocity to the speed of light of 0 and a mass equal to the rest mass to an origin of (1,m_t). Because it was already said the maximum relativistic mass, m_m, in the orderly domain occurs when the velocity is zero then 0=XXXX . The variance of the orderly universe must also be equal to the variance of the chaotic universe. This means that m_t occurs at m_m*.5*π/√3. 

I would propose that the maximum relativistic mass be called the Warp Factor, which means that in the original  Star Trek, Mr. Scott should have said, “Aye sir. I can give you Warp Factor  ½*π/√3, and maybe a wee bit more!”.

Children

 

The Greatest Love

I believe the children are our future
Teach them well and let them lead the way
Show them all the beauty they possess inside
Give them a sense of pride to make it easier
Let the children's laughter remind us how we used to be

But do you believe that children are wards, not property?

In a group, e.g. a state,  there are full members and there are wards of the group. A ward is not yet a full member of the group but is in the care of the group until they become a full member. A group also needs a sovereign, a leader. The United States of America was an experiment in that every member of the group has a say in choosing that leader and making sure that the sovereign’s power to make laws, administer laws, and rule on laws, were by separate groups of individuals. This distinguishes it from a hereditary monarchy where the sovereign passes though a hereditary line to a single individual. It is also is distinguished from an electoral monarchy ( e.g. the early Holy Roman Empire) where rather than inheritance,  the sovereign is an elected individual. The sovereign can also be chosen by dominance (i.e. authoritarianism). While the sovereign is typically an individual, the sovereign can be a group, (e.g. the Communist Party of China). A sovereign serves two roles: 1) the ruler of the group; and 2) the personification of the group. It is possible to separate these roles, for example a constitutional monarchy where the group rules, but the personification is inherited.

It possible for both the ruling sovereign and the personification sovereign to be elected as separate individuals (e.g. France). If the ruler is a subgroup of the larger group, the leader of the subgroup typically also serves the personification role  ( e.g. Xi of China). While it is theoretically possible for both the personification and ruling sovereign to be chosen by dominance, practically an authoritarian, dictator, will try to exercise dominance and become the personification sovereign, either directly, or by the personification being a puppet of the ruler.

In the United States of America, according to our constitution, representation is based on members AND wards of the state (which at one point included women, children, and slaves). Children can become full members based on their age ( e.g. age to work, age of marriage, age of voting, age to buy alcohol, etc.). Slaves, who would otherwise have met the age test, became members of the group when slavery was abolished. Women achieved the right to vote, and arguably became full members, but there was still the matter of whether a wife surrendered her group rights, became a ward of her husband upon marriage. (This confusion was attempted to be corrected by the Equal Rights Amendment). Individuals, who are not physically, or mentally, capable of membership in the group, may be long‑term wards of the group.

However a ward is NEVER property. Being a ward means that it is a status which can change. Property can not change its status. Property belongs to an individual. Property can be sold, gifted, transferred, or after the owner has died, can be disposed of according to a will. Upon death, debts are discharged and only the assets, positive property, can be “inherited.”  The heirs are NOT responsible for, do not, can not, inherit, the debts of the deceased. Children and wives can not be sold when the husband is alive, nor can they be disposed of as property in a will. Once upon a time, slaves could be disposed of as property, but as mentioned before, slavery in the USA  was abolished by the 14^th Amendment. Thus legally children and women, including wives, can not be property.

Children are wards of their parents. Parents are wardens of their children. The group has conceded that its interest as a warden of the children is inferior to the parent’s role as a warden. However the group has not, can not, acknowledge a position that children are property of their parents. If the parents refuse certain actions to their children, who are only the parent's wards until they reach adulthood, then the parents have abandoned their role as warden of their children and the group can, and should, exercise its role as warden. Children can be proud, or ashamed, of their ancestors, but they are not ever responsible for the actions, positive or negative, of their ancestors. Parents can be wardens of their own children. However they are not the wardens of the children of other parents.

This does not mean that adults can not have a special relationship with those who were once their wardens. However legally they are not, and never were, property of their wardens. The group lives on because those children have become adults, are the future. An individual adult has a finite life span, but a group does not have a definite life span.

Absolutes?

 

Where Have All The Flowers Gone

Where have all the flowers gone?
Long time passing.
Where have all the flowers gone?
Long time ago.
Where have all the flowers gone?
The girls have picked them every one.
Oh, When will you ever learn?
Oh, When will you ever learn?

When will we ever learn?

Albert Einstein’s Theory of Relativity can, and arguably should, be viewed as an allegory.  Nothing can exceed an absolute ( i.e. the speed of light) .  And we can approach but never equal that absolute ( i.e. the speed of light).  There are different frames of reference for viewing the absolute and each of these frames of refences is correct, but only for that frame of reference.  Other frames of reference are equally valid.  Thus saying that you are absolutely right is an impossibility.  If you were absolutely right you would violate Einstein’s Theory.  (and let’s get the BS that Einstein’s is only a theory out of the way.  EVERYTHING can only be a theory.  It can not be absolute, 100% certain.  There is no such thing as a scientist who is 100% certain about anything).

If you look at any position, it can not be absolutely correct, whether that position is on abortion, same sex marriage, prohibition, religion, immigration, etc. You are  making a choice for yourself, but it is just that, a choice.  It is not, can not, be absolutely correct. 

Quantum Mechanics tell us that reality is random.  Albert Einstein was, paradoxically, a Determinist who despite his theory thought that you could find an absolute.  He famously said that “God does not play dice with the universe”.  He said this because there appears to be a paradox between an absolute who knows everything, including the results of random events, and the fact that there are random events.   How can things be random if God, an absolute, knows the outcome of a random event.

I have proposed an answer that allows an absolute to know the outcome, “God (and only God) plays with Loaded Dice.”   https://dbeagan.blogspot.com/2023/02/loaded-dice.html

The people who oppose the choices made by others, whether it is abortion, prohibition, same sex marriage, LGBTQIA+ rights, immigration, religion, etc. are saying that only their choice is right and should be imposed on others.  They are correct that they are absolute, they are absolutely WRONG. You should make laws that protect the group, but you should make no laws that impose your morality on the group.  You are not, can not, be an absolute.

It is a lesson that unfortunately the ruling classes in Texas, Idaho, Florida, Mississippi, Missouri and far too many places, have yet to learn.

Hyperbolic

 

Yellow Submarine

As we live a life of ease
Every one of us has all we need
Sky of blue and sea of green
We all live in a yellow submarine

NO! We all live in an asymmetrical hyperboloid!

It appears as if the universe in which we reside is the turbulent lobe of an asymmetrical hyperboloid which is formed by rotating an asymmetrical  hyperbola about the about axis on which a transition occurs. This can be described  as a two-sheet hyperboloid, where there is no separation between the upper and lower sheets. That single point, the separation between order and chaos, might explain the Big Bang.

If the universe is hyperbolic, as proposed by Mabkhout, https://medcraveonline.com/PAIJ/non-dark-hyperbolic-universe.html, then there is no need to resort to Dark Matter or Dark Energy to explain the expansion of the universe. Expansion, and even inflation in its earliest stages, is instead a consequence of that hyperbolic surface. If the universe is hyperbolic, then there is no contradiction between the apparent age of the universe and the size of the observable universe. If the universe is hyperbolic, then there is consistency between the Planck length and the Planck energy. If the universe is hyperbolic, then the rotational energy of galaxies is a consequence of that shape and is not a paradox.

If the universe is hyperbolic, then Euclidean geometry does not apply for very large distances and very large speeds. (i.e. the universe is locally flat but universally hyperbolic). In a flat universe, the Euclidean equation for a hypotenuse becomes imaginary when the sum of the sides of a triangle is negative. If the universe is hyperbolic, then  the correct solution  for c²=a²+b² is NOT c=√(a²+b² ), it is cosh(c)=cosh(a)cosh(b). Einstein’s formula of Energy, E=mc² , implies a solution for the mass that is not m_0*(1/√(1-(v/c)²)), but should be ln(cosh(v/c)cosh(m₀)±sinh(v/c)sinh(m₀)). The first solution requires that the mass becomes imaginary when v>c. According to Einstein v can never exceed c. The Euclidean, flat, equation is imaginary when v>c and has a contradiction at v=c. (At the speed of light, it has to paradoxically be equal to both zero and infinity). The hyperbolic equation never becomes imaginary and has no paradox at v=c. Instead the equation only allows real solutions and is undefined if v exceeds c.

If the universe is hyperbolic, then gravity may be an apparent force, which is actually masses approaching a common center to minimize their respective energy and increase their entropy. If gravity is NOT a fundamental force, then there is no graviton to be observed, and there is no need to fit gravity into the Standard Model of Physics.

A normal equation of choice, where before the choice the value is 0 and after the choice the value is 1 (i.e. heads/tails, no/yes, off/on, false/true) has a odds of 0.5, but the outcome can only be 1 or 0.  The range, the difference between the choices, ( i.e., the median value of the Probability Density Function at the choice) is then, by definition, 0.5.  A normal distribution of discrete choice ( the logistics distribution) with a choice at µ, and range, s, of  0.5 is ½*sech²(x‑µ). The variance of this distribution is not 0 but it is 0.5*π/√3. If there is choice, then there must always be a variance and has to be greater than zero. A hyperbolic universe thus answers the debate about  a deterministic universe where variance must always be 0 and a random universe where the variance can be greater than  zero.

Variance is a consequence of reality approaching an absolute. Determinism requires a parabolic solution where reality can be equal to the absolute. Choice requires a hyperbolic solution where the reality can approach, but never equal, the absolute.

A transition occurs whenever a reality approaches an absolute. ( e.g. Speed on a road is separated into congested and congested domains at the capacity of the road; Flow in a pipe or channel is separated into laminar and turbulent domains as the flow in the pipe approaches the capacity of the pipe; The mass of a particle is hypothetically separated into subluminal and superluminal domains by the speed of light.)

This occurs because a transition ( i.e. change in behavior) has to occur whenever reality approaches an absolute. This transition arguably explains the shape of a curve in traffic flow, in Fluid Dynamics, or in general relativity. It also has a bearing on the correct computation of statistics. the formula for Standard Deviation is NOT a measure of the variance. It is a measurement of the error from the mean. Even if that is error is reduced to zero, the variance will still exist. This is why there appears to be positive moments around the mean when the moment is even, when Euclidean geometry is used. It is because the moment should actually be computed using hyperbolic, not Euclidean, geometry. Consequently, the even moment is because the Euclidian solution requires that the moments exist in an imaginary plane and every even moment in the imaginary plane becomes real, iⁿ=(√-1)ⁿ =-1 which is real not imaginary, when n is even. If statistics is computed using hyperbolic geometry, then every moment about the mean is zero when there is no error.

If the universe is hyperbolic and random, and random events follow a hyperbolic secant squared distribution and do not repeat, except in the imaginary plane, these random observations can be highly correlated with Euclidean geometry which repeats.  But correlation is not causation. Get real. We all live in a hyperbolic universe which is never imaginary.

Mediocrity

 

I Get Knocked Down

He sings the songs that remind him of the good times
He sings the songs that remind him of the better times
(Oh Danny Boy, Danny Boy, Danny Boy)
I get knocked down, but I get up again
You are never gonna keep me down
I get knocked down, but I get up again
You are never gonna keep me down

This Danny Boy never got up in the first place.  Getting up is WHY you get knocked down.

There is a strategy that I just discovered that sounds like my guiding principle, Strategic Mediocrity.  It is an investment strategy that says to achieve growth, the goal should not to be the best, because, things being random, the best may, on the next roll of the dice, be the worst.  “The last shall be first and the first shall be last", to borrow a phrase.  The best strategy is to be in the middle, to be mediocre, to not stand out.  If your goal is growth, then aim for the middle.

If your aim is anything, don’t be number one.  If you are number one, then there is pressure to remain number one.  If you are number two, then there is pressure to become number one and not slip to number three.  If you are number three, there is the pressure to become number one or two and not slip off the podium.  If you are just off the podium, then there is less pressure.

A whack-a-mole gets bopped on the head when it sticks its head out of a hole by itself.  If every mole stuck its head out of the hole at the same time, then the odds are reduced that any one mole will be knocked down. Encouraging others to stick their head out, at the same time as you, sounds like the safest strategy.   You are more likely to achieve your goal, be it investment, growth, wisdom, etc. if everyone does it at the same time.

John Maynard Keynes

 

Sloop John B

So hoist up the John B's sail
See how the mainsail sets
Call for the captain ashore, let me go home
Let me go home, I wanna go home
Let me go home

Oops, wrong ship. I thought this was the Sloop John M.

John Maynard Keynes proposed an international monetary system which would use the Bancor. The continued reliance on gold as an international medium of exchange would not allow for international trade because most of the world’s gold at the close of WWII was in the United States. The United States prevailed with a position that the US Dollar, which was a domestic fiat currency since it could no longer be converted into gold, should be convertible into gold internationally. This position was ratified at the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 and endured until the Nixon Shock of 1971. As long as other nations who acquired US Dollars through international trading did not try to convert those US Dollars into gold, the system was a de facto international fiat currency. But because of the fear that other countries could convert those international dollars into gold, Nixon made the international convertibility null and void. Because the US money supply was only intended to accommodate US domestic economic transactions, e.g. M2, but not the international economic transactions, the result was the high inflation of the 1970s and 1980s and today's continuing persistent inflation.

A man can not serve two masters. It is also true that a currency can not be both a domestic currency and an international currency. The US has suffered continued inflation because of this situation. Another major international trading currency is the Euro, which is also the domestic currency within each country of the European Union. The Euro replaced the Drachma in Greece and the Lira in Italy, among many others. However when the domestic economic crises  in Greece and Italy required a deflation of their own domestic currency in order to address their  economic crises, they no longer had a domestic currency, It looks like John Maynard Keyes was right all along, ... again. The world needed an international fiat medium of exchange such as the Bancor. Not having one has resulted in many domestic economic crises that could otherwise have been avoided.

Regulations

Falling in Love with Love

Falling in love with love is falling for make-believe
Falling in love with love is playing the fool
Caring too much is such a juvenile fancy
Learning to trust is just for children in school

But regulation is for everyone, not just children.

There are regulations because, whether we like it or not, we can not trust everyone.  It would be wonderful if we could, but as a former president said ”Trust, but Verify”.  Ironically that same president also opposed regulation, meaning he and his group could not trust you, but you should trust him and his group.  Actually it doesn’t work that way.   An economic transaction requires a buyer, a seller, and goods to be exchanged.  Regulation is necessary for economic transactions to occur. As a convenience, so that economic transactions do not exist only in a barter system, there is typically a medium of exchange, a currency, that is traded for the goods and services being offered by the seller.

The economic transaction requires trust.  First the buyer has to trust that the goods and services offered by the seller are as they are presented. Because the buyer does not have perfect knowledge, he counts on the knowledge of others, the group, to vouch that the goods and services are as portrayed and can be trusted.  Similarly the seller has to trust that the medium of exchange is not counterfeit.  The medium of exchange in ancient times, was precious metal, especially gold and silver.  However having a scale and having  the skill to recognize that this was indeed a precious metal was not practical.  One of the earliest functions of civilizations was to MINT, that is weigh and assay precious metals, into coins, the medium of exchange.  If the exchange of some goods and service had to be regulated, then it stands to reason that there must be some goods and services that do not need to be regulated.

Unfortunately while economists study those transactions, they did not classify goods as regulated and unregulated.  The earliest classification of goods was into  a single dimension:  price.  But there is still a lot of variation even in this one dimension.  Priced goods can be expensive, inexpensive or free.  And the medium of exchange can be positive, i.e. wealth, or negative, i.e. debt.  Loans and debts are merely a way of time shifting the medium of exchange into the future.  But even within the single dimension of price, there are still shades of grey. 

Seeing things in shades of black and white is a step forward, but it is not perfect.  However rather than adding  a dimension for regulation, economists chose to subdivide price.  Goods and services are defined by economists as rival and exclusive.  Rival Goods are those that can not be used by another if you are using them.  (e.g. you and I can not both drive the same car at the same time). Rival goods are often further subdivided into durable, and non-durable depending on whether the good is intended to be consumed or continue after its use.  ( You eat an apple so it is non-durable.  A new car merely becomes used, can be driven sequentially, and thus is durable)  On the other hand there are goods that can be used by many people at exactly the same time. ( e.g. my listening to a concert does not mean that you cannot listen to that same concert at the same time).  Using this classification system, there are Private goods ( Rival and Exclusive, such as an apple) and Public Goods ( Non-rival and Non‑exclusive, such as sunshine).  In one dimensional thinking, private is thought of as priced and public is thought of as free.  However the two-dimensional system also allows for two additional classifications: Common Goods ( Non rival and Exclusive,  e.g. clean water) and Club Goods ( Rival and Non exclusive, e.g. concerts).  Buyers and sellers both agree that regulation should at least protect their interests in Private Goods and both agree that there is no regulation of Public Goods, but the buyers and sellers disagree as to how Club Goods and Common Goods should be regulated.

Buyers view Club Goods as unpriced. You should charge no price for my listening to a concert, because even if I do not buy it but merely consume it for free, that does not stop you from selling it to others.  However unless someone pays, there is no way to pay the artist who is creating that concert.  That is why one of the first laws passed by the US Congress was the copyright act to ensure that artists will produce goods.  At the same time the buyer was also protected by trademarking the goods so that the buyer could trust  the goods being sold.  But from the concert promoter’s, the seller's, perspective they are selling you admission and possibly a seat at the concert, not the music.  From the seller’s perspective, the good is the admission or the seat.  From the buyer's perspective, the good being purchased is the music, which is non-exclusive, and which might be mistaken as free.  The same problem exists for common goods.  They are not free. They are unpriced. This merely means that the transaction cost to collect a price may be greater than the value collected by that price, but that is not the same as having no value.

Regulations are an admission that the buyer may not trust the seller AND the seller may not trust the buyer, but each should be trusted by the group. In this case  the transaction can  take place.  No regulation, no trust.  Accepting regulation is not an acknowledgement that the you should not be trusted. Regulation is a means to ensure that the transaction can take place.

Mike Nichols ( the director of The Graduate) and Elaine May ( the director of The Heartbreak Kid)  used to be a comedy duo.  As such, they appeared in a series of TV commercials for Narragansett  Beer that ran during TV Red Sox games when I was a child.  YouTube does have an adaption of one that was used for JAX Beer.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkcdU4gxU38. "I'm not making fun of you. I'm making fun of her".  Regulation is not because I don’t trust you. It is because I don’t trust the other person!